Apparatus for the separation of ice and concentrate



' April27, 1943. A G. A. KRAUSE 7 2,317,777 I '1 APPARATUS FOR THE SEPARATION OF ICE AND CONCENTRATE Original Filed Dec. 27, 1938 gm; iNVENTOR TORNEYS pressing ice and concentrate, ice

Patented Apr. 27, 1943 APPARATUS FOR THE SEPARATION OF ICE AND CONCENTRATE Georg Alexander Krause, Hollrlegelskreuth, near Munich, Germany {vested in the Allen Property Custodian Original application December 27, 1938, serial No.

this application April 14, 1941, Serial No.;388,526. In Germany Decem- 248,014. Divided and 6 Claims. (01. 2-124) It is known to concentrate solutions, emulsions etc., by freezing out the water and separating.

the ice and the concentrate. centrifuging, sucwhich the present invention is based. In presstion filtration, allowing the concentrate to drip from the ice with subsequent washing, and pressing out the mixture of ice and concentrate have been proposed for separating theconcentrate from the ice. centrifuging is the only one of these methods heretofore foundto be practically useful'when it is desired to produce ice of relatively high purity. This method, however, involves the disadvantage that, on the one hand, centrifuging is relatively costly and, on the other-hand, its output is comparatively small if it is so conducted as to accomplish a practically complete separation of the concentrate from the ice. Separation of ice and'concentrate by means of presses has been used only in exceptional cases because of the low purity of the ice produced. The residue of concentrate enclosed in the ice can not be recovered, for instance, by washing after the pressing operation, as in the other separating methods. Since the press cakes produced in other pressing processes, for instance in pressing oils, always retain a considerable portion of the liquid, it being impossibleto recover this residue commercially by pressing operations alone, it was not expected that in practically free from residue could be recovered. a

The subject of the present invention is a new apparatus for separating ice and concentrate by a pressing operation which accomplishes a practically complete separation of ice and concentrate. The process described herein is claimed in my application SerialNo. 248,014 filed December 27, 1938 now Patent No. 2,241,726.

In accordance with the'invention, heat issupplied during the pressing operation in such amount and in such a way that the ice is heated up and a part of it is melted and serves'to separate theconcentrate from the remainder.

volved iin "separating icefand concentrate by pressing in accordance with the discovery on ing ice-concentrate mixtures the ice crystals become plastic under the'action of the pressure,

until they begin to grow together so that finally a unitary block of ice-is formed from the many H separate crystals. Therefore in order to separate ice and concentrate from each other by pressing, the pressing operation should be-carried on by promoting simultaneously two operations;

first, the growing together of the crystals which become plastic under pressure must be facilitated as much as possible and second,the concentrate crystals coalesce. 7

On the basis of these observations, the fol-- must be led off as rapidly as possible'as the ice lowing rules for carrying on the separation of ice and concentrate by means of pressing are given:

1. Particles ofconcentratethat remain in the ice when the pressing operation is incorrectly executed cannot be removed subsequently. since due to the growing together of the crystals they are entirely enclosed by'compact ice. Washing of the ice and evenplacing the. impure ice under pressure again is useless; In accordance with the invention therefore the washing of the The new process is based on the following observations.

In the pressing operation heretofore practiced, for instance in the pressing of oil from plant products, the solid portion is deformed but retains its structure. The pressing operation consequently necessitates a more or less .systematic reducing in size of the intersticesin which the of pres- V ice must occur simultaneously .with the pressing operation. In contrast with the known freezing processes, the present processis notcarried on with the exclusion of any addition of heat, but on the contrary a substantial :addition of heat is made intentionallyduring thepressing operation. In this way. simultaneous with the ,press-' ing, a heating up of the ice to the melting temperature and a melting of a part of the ice occurs, starting at the boundaries between the crystals and 'causing a. flushing out ,of the concentrate found in the recesses between the'crystals. iThe heat is supplied preferably in the zone of msfiest pressure. The iheatsnay be developed from the V mechanicalwork of the pressing operation. If in certain cases the heat developed mechanically should be too great it is compensated by coolingthepress. 1

If it is desired to concentrate an apple juice of 10% by weight dry substanceto stance by freezing parts of the water out of parts of juice, the ice separatedby pressing wlthoutpartial melting will contain about 1.5%

of dry substance. This amounts, to aloss of 9% of the dry substance of. the Juice. This loss is avoided if a part of' the iceis melted. during th pressing'operation. There- 5 25% dry sube is therefore dependent the additional advantage is. bulk of the'concentrateis separated in undiluted ing the the concentrate is diluted by are to be given cause of its plasticity at the pressure it is placed will not pass it'being necessary to make 100 parts of solution, 63-65 parts should be A 2,817,777 7 fore instead of freezing 60 parts of ice out of frozen. Then during the pressing operation, this off the solution still adhering to the surfaces of the ice. The required amount of washing liquid on the surface area of the ice. Since th surface area of a certain'quantity of ice calculated on the basis of spherical bodies, increases with decreasing diameter of the single crystals, it is obvious that the amount of ice to be melted during the pressing operation must increase proportionately with decreasing size of crystals; In pressing very fine crystalline ice therefore it may be necessary tively large fraction of the ice (up to about 10% or more), in order to produce residue-free ice. In pressing coarse crystalline grains, obtained by slow freezing of dilute solutions the amount of ice to be melted will be smaller. V

For the reasons given, therefore, the freezing operation is carried on in such a manner that ice in the form of the largest possible crystals is obtained. 7 I

2; The expressing pressure is to be raised above the value at whichth ic begins to become plastic only after the bulk of the concentrate has run off or when the content of concentrate in the ice is small. This expedient likewise'tends to prevent the concentrate from being enclosed by the ice instead of being expressed.

If it is desired therefore to express an iceconcentrate mixture, about which it has been ascertained, for instanceby experiment, that at the prevailing temperatures, the crystals begin to grow together at a pressure of about 10 kg./cm. the expressing pressurefis then raised above the value of 10 kg./cm. only when the content of concentrate in the ice has fallen below 20% or preferably below 10%. The further increase in pressure, required for recovering ice fre from residue amounts in most cases to a multiple of the pressure heretofore ordinarily applied. It is frequently necessary, for instance, to increase the pressure to several hundred kg./cm.= in order to recover ice free from residue by the combined'pressing and washing operation, whil the bulk of the concentrate can be separated with much lower pressures. In this way, obtained that the form," this being especially important in produchighest concentrates. Onlya portionof the water produced during melting of a part of the ice in the last part of the pressing operation. This portion is collected separately and may be returned again to the concentrating process.

3. The discharge openings for the concentrate dimensions such that the ice beunder which through the openings. high pressures, without the discharge openings too small, the place of the highest pressure is kept at a distance from the discharge openlugs. In this way, the additional advantage is In order to be able to use to melt up a rela-.

' ternally at the places change in the zone of lower pressure and thus serve as washing liquid.

4. In order. trate by ice particles growing together, the pressure should not be increased more rapidly than corresponds to the discharge of the concentrate. In the treatment ofv thin layers of the ice-concentrate mixture therefore, in which the concentrate has short discharge paths, the expressing pressure can be-raised comparatively rapidly,

while in treating thicker layers, the increase in pressure must occur much more slowly.

5. The ice'is heated up as near as possible to 0 especially when only a small amount of concentrate is still present. Since the pressure at which the ice becomes plastic increases greatly with decreasing temperature, slight expressing pressures can be used when the temperature is near 0 C. i

6. In case the ice to be expressed is to be cooled externally, cold can be supplied only to the places of relatively high pressure and never to the places where the concentrate emerges from,

the material being pressed. Otherwise, the concentrate flowing out from the placesv of higher pressure to the'places of lower pressure would freeze again.- Non-observance of this requirement might l'eadto the difllculty heretofor encountered in carrying on expressing processes, in which, in order to, avoid losses by melting, the press baskets have generally been cooled exwhere the concentrate flowed off and thereby the flowing off or the concentrate was retarded or prevented.

"I. Since the growing tals-occurs most easily between crystal surfaces which are alike in the crystallographic sense the pressing operation is simplified and accelerated by a proper arrangement of the ice crystals. A satisfactory arrangement of crystals can be produced for instance byfreezing with definite direction of the temperature gradient, e. g., by freezing the solutions in annularcells.

8.=In case crystalsof irregulardistribution must be treated, the growing together of the crystals can be accelerated by agitating the material being pressed, mixing it. up or subj'ecting it to a fulling operation. This effect probably depends on the fact that the movement of the material being pressed facilitates and accelerates the adjustment of orientation of they crystals and the heat distribution. i

It is notnecessary that the above described expedients should all be employed simultaneously in order to obtain a satisfactory result. On the contrary the omission 'ofcertain of these expedients can-be compensated for by'an increased use of others. 7 y Y "If it is desired to use a screw press forthe pressing operation the'followingconditions must be observed; y r i A. In accordance with the invention the pressure along the path of movement of the ice must not increase constantly but must increase considerably' more. towards the end of the screw. According to this requirement the volume of the expressing chamber decreases along the axis of the screw, taking into account the decrease in volume or the material being pressed. The pressing space in the lengthwise direction of the axis'of the press can be provided for by changing the radial dimension of the space, e. g., by increasing thediameter of the screw shaft assured that the concentrate expressed in the zone of highest pressure will flow off through a' to avoid the enclosing of concen-v together of the ice crys or by narrowing the strainer housing or by lessening the distance between the separatefscrew turns.

The means for collecting the concentrate is so arranged that the concentrate that runs off in the first part of the pressing operation at comparatively low pressures and-without much melting ture treated. By a few orienting experiments it can be ascertained easily when, in increasing the press speed, the limit is passed at which the expressing pressure increases so rapidly that the discharge of the concentrate is being interfered with. In ac'cordance with the invention, the

pressing is carried on as closelyas possible below this limit since the highest the press is thus obtained. 7

C. According to point 3 above the. dimensions of the outlet openings of the screen shouldnot exceed0.5 mm.,cwhich is considerably less than possible output of the dimensions of outlet openings usual hereto-- fore. In the zone of :higher pressure,-i. e., towards the endof the screen, the distance between the screen bars is preferablyreduced to below 0.2 mm. The high pressure end of the press can even be entirely closed under certain circumstances. The part of the concentrate expressed there is-then forced with the melted ice against the flow of the ice and flows. through 9.

runs off from the zone of a screw.

In recovering high concentrates, it may even be necessary to cool the press for instance-in the first part in order to prevent any dilution by melting up of ice during the flowing ofl of the highest concentrate; while, the last part of the press is given additional heat in order on the one hand to attain the plasticity limit of the ice I according to point 5 above at the lowest possible pressures andon the other hand to carry on the melting up and heating necessary for producing 7 ice free from residue.

The execution of the process is described in the foregoing by way of example in a screw press, since a continuously operating press is of the greatest importance technically. The process, however, can be carried out in any of the familiar zone of lower pressure as washing liquid until it reaches the outlet openings.

D. The spiralblade of the screw preferably is given a trapezoidal cross-section the base of the trapezoid resting on the shaft. In this way, the expressing chamber is given a cross-section diminishing with the distance from the outlet openings, the place of highest pressure being located in the neighborhood of the axis and thus removed from the points at which the concentrate flows off.

E. If the normal expressing work is not sumcient for producing. the heat necessary for melting up a part of the ice, according to point 1 of the invention, the fulling and kneading action on the ice-concentrate mixture, connected with the expressing operation can be increased by suitable construction of the screw. The screw can be constructed as a double screw, for instance. Another possibility of increasing the work on the mixture consists in placing bailies in the path of the ice moved along by the screw.

F. In general, with reference to the.,melting of a part of the ice necessary during the expressing operation, a special cooling of the press is not necessary in continuous operation. Occasionally even a certain heating up of the press may be necessary. In a few cases, especially in treating ice that has been separated. from con centrated solutions at temperatures far below 0, cooling of the press is necessary. Cooling or heating of the press'ls provided'preferably in'the neighborhood of the places of relatively highest pressure in the press,and the press is i erefore form.

types of presses. If the process is to be carried out in a pack or plunger press, the place of outlet for the concentrate is kept as far as possible from the place where the pressure is applied. The 1 pressing. table and'plunger moreover are-preferably given a shape that causes a fulling or knead ing of the ice during the pressing operation; for instance, they are constructed in corrugated 'Intermittently operating presses of this kind are especially suitable for treating ice of regular formation. In this case, it is not necessary to give the press table and plunger a special shape. A

Apparatus embodying my invention and suit- I able forcarrying out the process described above is illustrated in the accompanying drawing whichpartly in section of the appais a front elevation ratus.

Referring to the drawing, i2 and it are an: .s haft drical vertically disposed aligned "shafts. I5 is surrounded in the region A by the frustoconical chamber wall 29 and shaft [2 is surrounded in region B by the downwardly slightly tapered wall '9. The

and is not designed to withstand heavy pressures ice which since it merelyserves to feed the mixture of ice I and concentrate into thesp'ace between the shaft l2 and the wall 9 where the high pressure treatment takes place. spaced rings providing annular slots l3 between them for the discharge of concentrate. The

spacing between the rings is, as stated under C I above, not to exceed about 0.5 mm. The screw 28 is a simple feeding worm formed of sheet material, e. g., sheet metal of uniform thickness and of sufficient strength to move the mixture of ice and concentrate downwardly in the chamber formed by the wall 29. The screw 8 in the region B is,as appears at H, trapezoidal in crosssection with the longer base of the trapezoid T adJacent the shaft it. As is illustrated, a portion of the screw 8 within'the section (a) consists of a single thread while within the section (b) it consists of a double thread as pointed out under E above. l5, I5 are homes or scrapers for preventing movement of the ice with the rotating shaft space between the shaft l2 andthe wall 9 by the action of the screw'l. i8, iii are spoutsleading from suitable pans l8, IQ, for collecting and carrying off concentrate expelled through the openings l3 in wall 8. As shown at 25 the lower end of the wall 9 may be imperforate so asto create a high pressure region and force the expelled concentrate and liquid produced from the melted ice upwardly through and counter-cur 3 I cooled or heated primarily from the shaft of the wall 29 is withoutopenings The wall 9' is madeup'of i2 and for breaking up the compacted is being moved downwardly in the r rent to the movement of the ice until it reaches openings 13 immediately above this imperforate region. The ice is finally discharged from the space formed between the wall 9 and the shaft l2 through an annular orifice between the lower end of the wall 9 and the tapered plug 32 which is adjustable by means of the lever 21. The ice discharges through the trough or chute 33.

The shaft i2 is rotated by the motor 6 and suitable gearing within the housing 1. Pipes 35 and 3B are inlet and outlet respectively for heating fluid for heating the lower end of the shaft and the ice in contact with it.

The conveyor belt I and the distributing device 2 serve to providea uniform feed of the ice-concentrate mixture to the screw 28 within the 2. Apparatus for the separation or ice and con centrate from a mixture thereof comprising a receptacle for the mixture provided with openings for the expulsion of liquid, and a screw within said receptacle for applying pressure to the mixture, said screw comprising; a central shaft and a helical blade 'of trapezoidal cross-section with the base of the trapezoid adjacent the shaft.

3. Apparatus for the separation of ice and concentrate from a mixture thereof comprising a receptacle for the mixture provided with openings for the expulsion of liquid, a screw within said receptacle forapplying pressure to the mixture,

' said screw comprising. a central. shaft and a chamber formed by the wall 29. The motor 3 and gearing 4 serve to drive feeding mechanism and the screw 28. I0 and ii are-inlet and outlet respectively for cooling fluid to the shaft IS. The apparatus described is supported by a suitable structure or frame 5. It will be observed that the space between the shaft I2 and the wall 9 decreases downwardly. The rate of decrease in this'space as well as the depth or thickness at helical blade and stationary 'baflies in the path of the mixture as it is moved by the screw.

.4; Apparatus for the separation of ice and con centrate from a mixture thereof comprising a receptacle for the'mixture provided with openings for the expulsion of liquid, a screw within said receptacle for applying pressure tothe mixture,

said screw comprising a central shaft and a helical blade and means for cooling'said shaft.

its lower or higher compression end depend upon I the particular mixture of ice and concentrate.

under treatment and also upon the speed of rotation of the compressing screw. It maybe said,

however, that the space at the high pressureend 'of the compression chamber has been found in mixture in said receptacle adapted to apply different pressures to the mixture in different portions of the receptacle, said receptacle being provided with openings.- for the expulsion of liquid, the openings in the region of highest pressure having a width not exceeding 0.2 mm.

5. Apparatus for the separation of ice and concentrate from a mixture thereof comprising a chamber for the mixture provided with openings for the expulsion of liquid from'the mixture, a shaft rotating within said chamber, the space between the wall'of the chamberand said shaft decreasing from one end to the other, a single screw carried'by the shaft for moving the mixture toward the smaller end of said space, and a double screw carried bythe shaft adjacent said smaller end.

6. Apparatus for the separation of ice and concentrate from a mixture thereof. comprising a chamber for said mixture, a shaft extending through and rotatable within said chamber, a screw carried by said shaft for forcing the mixture through the spac between the shaft and chamber wall, means for coolingthe mixture at the low pressure end and for heating the mixture at the high pressure end 'of. the chamber.

GEORGV ALEXANDER" KRAUSE. 

